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she began thus

  • 1 she began thus

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > she began thus

  • 2 thus

    I [θʌs,θu:s] n
    1. ладан
    II [ðʌs] adv
    1. так, таким образом; следующим образом

    thus and so - амер. таким образом

    2. следовательно, итак, в соответствии с этим; таким образом, поэтому

    thus their happiness was complete - итак, они были совершенно счастливы

    3. настолько

    thus much at least is clear - хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно

    НБАРС > thus

  • 3 thus

    1. n ладан
    2. n смола
    3. adv так, таким образом; следующим образом
    4. adv следовательно, итак, в соответствии с этим; таким образом, поэтому

    thus their happiness was complete — итак, они были совершенно счастливы

    5. adv настолько
    Синонимический ряд:
    consequently (other) accordingly; consequently; ergo; hence; so; then; therefore; thereupon; thus and so; thus and thus; thusly

    English-Russian base dictionary > thus

  • 4 thus

    [ðʌs]
    нареч.
    1) так, таким образом

    After tea she began thus. — После чая она повела речь так.

    thus and soамер. так-то

    2) таким образом, итак, соответственно

    Thus we have man modifying nature, and nature modifying man. — Таким образом, у нас есть человек, изменяющий природу, и природа, изменяющая человека.

    3) до, до такой степени

    thus much at least is clear — хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно

    Англо-русский современный словарь > thus

  • 5 thus

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > thus

  • 6 thus

    ðʌs нареч.
    1) так, таким образом;
    поэтому( амер. тж. thus and so)
    2) до, до такой степени ладан смола( еловая или сосновая) так, таким образом;
    следующим образом - I lay * я лежал так - * they arrived вот так они и приехали - she began * она начала следующим образом - as * вот так - * and * так-то и так-то - * and so (американизм) таким образом следовательно, итак, в соответствии с этим;
    таким образом, поэтому - * their happiness was complete итак, они были совершенно счастливы настолько - * far до сих пор - * much столько - * much at least is clear хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно thus до, до такой степени;
    thus far до сих пор;
    thus much столько;
    thus much at least is clear хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно ~ так, таким образом;
    поэтому (амер. тж. thus and so) ;
    thus and thus так-то и так-то ~ так, таким образом;
    поэтому (амер. тж. thus and so) ;
    thus and thus так-то и так-то thus до, до такой степени;
    thus far до сих пор;
    thus much столько;
    thus much at least is clear хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно thus до, до такой степени;
    thus far до сих пор;
    thus much столько;
    thus much at least is clear хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно thus до, до такой степени;
    thus far до сих пор;
    thus much столько;
    thus much at least is clear хоть это, по крайней мере, ясно

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > thus

  • 7 way

    wei
    1. noun
    1) (an opening or passageway: This is the way in/out; There's no way through.) camino, vía; entrada, salida
    2) (a route, direction etc: Which way shall we go?; Which is the way to Princes Street?; His house is on the way from here to the school; Will you be able to find your/the way to my house?; Your house is on my way home; The errand took me out of my way; a motorway.) dirección; camino
    3) (used in the names of roads: His address is 21 Melville Way.) calle; avenida
    4) (a distance: It's a long way to the school; The nearest shops are only a short way away.) distancia
    5) (a method or manner: What is the easiest way to write a book?; I know a good way of doing it; He's got a funny way of talking; This is the quickest way to chop onions.) manera, modo, forma
    6) (an aspect or side of something: In some ways this job is quite difficult; In a way I feel sorry for him.) aspecto; manera (de alguna manera/forma siento pena por él)
    7) (a characteristic of behaviour; a habit: He has some rather unpleasant ways.) maneras
    8) (used with many verbs to give the idea of progressing or moving: He pushed his way through the crowd; They soon ate their way through the food.) camino, paso (abrirse camino/paso)

    2. adverb
    ((especially American) by a long distance or time; far: The winner finished the race way ahead of the other competitors; It's way past your bedtime.) muy, mucho más; de sobra
    - wayside
    - be/get on one's way
    - by the way
    - fall by the wayside
    - get/have one's own way
    - get into / out of the way of doing something
    - get into / out of the way of something
    - go out of one's way
    - have a way with
    - have it one's own way
    - in a bad way
    - in
    - out of the/someone's way
    - lose one's way
    - make one's way
    - make way for
    - make way
    - under way
    - way of life
    - ways and means

    way n
    1. manera / modo
    what's the best way to do it? ¿cuál es la mejor manera de hacerlo?
    2. camino
    which is the quickest way to your house? ¿cuál es el camino más rápido para ir a tu casa?
    3. dirección
    which way did he go? ¿en qué dirección se ha ido? / ¿por dónde se ha ido?
    to be in the way estar en medio / obstruir el paso / molestar
    to get out of the way apartar / apartarse / quitar de en medio
    there's a car coming, get out of the way! viene un coche, ¡apártate!
    tr[weɪ]
    1 (right route, road, etc) camino
    which is the best way to the swimming pool? ¿cómo se va a la piscina?, ¿por dónde se va a la piscina?
    do you know the way? ¿conoces el camino?, ¿sabes cómo ir?
    which way did he go? ¿por dónde se fue?
    which way is the harbour from here? ¿por dónde cae el puerto desde aquí?
    come this way, please venga por aquí, por favor
    are you going my way? ¿vas en la misma dirección que yo?
    3 (distance) distancia
    it's a long way to Tipperary Tipperary está lejos, Tipperary queda lejos
    4 (manner, method) manera, modo
    what's the best way to cook trout? ¿cuál es la mejor manera de guisar las truchas?
    OK, you do it your own way vale, hazlo como quieras
    5 (behaviour, custom) manera, forma, modo
    6 (area) zona, área
    that's out Romford way, isn't it? está por la zona de Romford, ¿verdad?
    1 familiar muy
    1 (customs) costumbres nombre femenino plural; (habits, behaviour) manías nombre femenino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    across the way / over the way enfrente
    all the way (distance) todo el viaje 2 (completely) totalmente
    this flat's not big enough by a long way este piso es demasiado pequeño, pero pequeño de verdad
    by the way (incidentally) a propósito, por cierto
    by way of (via) vía, por vía de, pasando por 2 (serving as, as a kind of) a modo de
    either way en cualquier caso
    every which way por todas partes, en todas direcciones
    in a big way a lo grande, a gran escala, en plan grande
    in a small way a pequeña escala, en plan modesto
    in a way en cierto modo, en cierta manera
    in any way de alguna manera
    can I help in any way? ¿puedo ayudar de alguna manera?
    in many ways desde muchos puntos de vista, en muchos aspectos
    in many ways, this is her best book desde muchos puntos de vista, éste es su mejor libro
    in more ways than one en más de un sentido
    in no way de ninguna manera, de ningún modo
    in some ways en algunos aspectos
    in the way of (regarding) en cuanto a, como
    what would you like in the way of dessert? ¿qué quieres de postre?
    in this way (thus) de este modo, de esta manera
    no two ways about it no tiene vuelta de hoja
    no way! ¡ni hablar!, ¡de ninguna manera!
    on one's way / on the way por el camino, de camino, de paso
    we're on our way! ¡ya estamos en camino!
    is it on your way? ¿te pilla de camino?
    one way and another en conjunto
    one way and another it's been a good year en conjunto, ha sido un buen año
    one way or the other (somehow) de algún modo, de una manera u otra, como sea
    don't worry, we'll find it one way or the other no te preocupes, lo encontraremos de una manera u otra
    I don't mind one way or the other me da exactamente igual, me da lo mismo
    out of the way (remote) apartado,-a, remoto,-a 2 (exceptional) excepcional, particular, original
    over the way enfrente
    that way (direction) por allá 2 (like that) así
    that's always the way siempre es así
    the other way round al revés, viceversa
    the right way up cabeza arriba, derecho,-a
    the wrong way up cabeza abajo
    to be born that way ser así, nacer así
    to be in the way estorbar, estar por en medio
    you're in the way! estás estorbando!
    move your car, it's in the way quita tu coche de en medio, obstruye el paso
    to be on the way (coming) estar en camino, estar al llegar, avecinarse
    to be on the way down (fall) estar bajando, ir a la baja
    to be on the way in (coming into fashion) estar poniéndose de moda
    to be on the way out (going out of fashion) en camino de desaparecer, estar pasando de moda
    to be on the way up (rise) estar subiendo, ir al alza
    to be out of somebody's way no pillar a alguien de camino
    to be set in one's ways tener unas costumbres muy arraigadas, ser reacio,-a al cambio
    to be under way (work) estar en marcha, estar avanzado,-a 2 (meeting, match) haber empezado
    to cut both ways / cut two ways ser un arma de doble filo, tener ventajas y desventajas
    to get in the way estorbar, molestar, ponerse en medio
    to get into the way of doing something coger la costumbre de hacer algo
    to get one's own way salirse con la suya
    to get out of the way of something dejarle paso a algo, apartarse del camino de algo
    to get out of the way apartarse del camino, quitarse de en medio
    to get out of the way of doing something perder la costumbre de hacer algo
    to get something out of the way deshacerse de algo, quitar algo de en medio
    to get under way (meeting, match) empezar 2 (travellers, work) ponerse en marcha
    to give way (collapse) ceder, hundirse 2 (yield) ceder (to, a) 3 (when driving) ceder el paso
    to go a long way towards something contribuir en gran medida a algo
    to go a long way (succeed) ir lejos 2 (be productive) cundir mucho, dar mucho de sí
    to go one's own way ir a lo suyo, seguir su propio camino
    to go out of one's way (to do something) desvivirse (por hacer algo)
    to have a way with... tener un don especial para...
    to keep out of somebody's way evitar el contacto con alguien
    to keep out of the way (hide) mantener un perfil bajo 2 (step aside) apartarse
    to learn something the hard way aprender algo a las malas
    to look the other way hacer la vista gorda
    to lose one's way perderse, extraviarse
    to make one's own way in life/in the world abrirse paso en la vida/el mundo
    to make one's way dirigirse (to, a)
    to make way for something hacer lugar para algo
    to my way of thinking a mi modo de ver
    to put somebody in the way of (doing) something dar a alguien la oportunidad de (hacer) algo
    to see one's way clear to doing something ver la manera de hacer algo
    to stand in the way of something ser un obstáculo para algo, ser un estorbo para algo
    to talk one's way out of something salir de algo a base de labia
    to work one's way through something (crowd etc) abrirse camino por algo 2 (work, book) hacer algo con dificultad 3 (college etc) costearse los estudios trabajando
    to work one's way up ascender a fuerza de trabajo, subir a base de trabajar
    way back (in time) hace muchísimo
    way in entrada
    way out (exit) salida 2 (solution) solución nombre femenino, remedio
    way ['weɪ] n
    1) path, road: camino m, vía f
    2) route: camino m, ruta f
    to go the wrong way: equivocarse de camino
    I'm on my way: estoy de camino
    3) : línea f de conducta, camino m
    he chose the easy way: optó por el camino fácil
    4) manner, means: manera f, modo m, forma f
    in the same way: del mismo modo, igualmente
    there are no two ways about it: no cabe la menor duda
    have it your way: como tú quieras
    to get one's own way: salirse uno con la suya
    6) state: estado m
    things are in a bad way: las cosas marchan mal
    7) respect: aspecto m, sentido m
    8) custom: costumbre f
    to mend one's ways: dejar las malas costumbres
    9) passage: camino m
    to get in the way: meterse en el camino
    10) distance: distancia f
    to come a long way: hacer grandes progresos
    11) direction: dirección f
    come this way: venga por aquí
    which way did he go?: ¿por dónde fue?
    by the way : a propósito, por cierto
    by way of via: vía, pasando por
    out of the way remote: remoto, recóndito
    n.
    camino s.m.
    dirección s.f.
    distancia s.f.
    estilo s.m.
    guisa s.f.
    género s.m.
    manera s.f.
    medio s.m.
    modales s.m.pl.
    modo s.m.
    paso s.m.
    sentido s.m.
    trayecto s.m.
    vía s.f.

    I weɪ
    1) noun
    2) c
    a) ( route) camino m

    the way in/out — la entrada/salida

    this style is on the way in/out — este estilo se está poniendo/pasando de moda

    you'll soon find your way around the office/system — en poco tiempo te familiarizarás con la oficina/el sistema

    we're going the wrong way — nos hemos equivocado de camino, vamos mal

    which way did you come? — ¿por dónde viniste?

    which way did he go? — ¿por dónde fue?; ( following somebody) ¿por dónde se fue?

    could you tell me the way to the city center? — ¿me podría decir por dónde se va or cómo se llega al centro (de la ciudad)?

    I'm on my way!ahora mismo salgo or voy, voy para allí!

    the doctor is on her way — la doctora ya va para allí/viene para aquí

    did you find the way to Trier all right? — ¿llegaste bien a Trier?

    I don't know the way up/down — no sé por dónde se sube/se baja

    to lead the way — ir* delante

    to lose one's way — perderse*

    there are no two ways about itno tiene or no hay vuelta de hoja

    to go one's own way: she'll go her own way hará lo que le parezca; to go out of one's way ( make a detour) desviarse* del camino; ( make special effort): they went out of their way to be helpful se desvivieron or hicieron lo indecible por ayudar; to go the way of something/somebody — acabar como algo/algn, correr la misma suerte de algo/algn

    b) (road, path) camino m, senda f

    the people over the way — (BrE) los vecinos de enfrente

    3) c u (passage, space)

    to be/get in the way — estorbar

    to stand in the way: they stood in our way nos impidieron el paso; I couldn't see it, she was standing in my way no podía verlo, ella me tapaba (la vista); I won't stand in your way no seré yo quien te lo impida; to stand in the way of progress obstaculizar* or entorpecer* el progreso; (get) out of the way! hazte a un lado!, quítate de en medio!; to move something out of the way quitar algo de en medio; I'd like to get this work out of the way quisiera quitar este trabajo de en medio; to keep out of somebody's way rehuir* a algn, evitar encontrarse con algn; make way! — abran paso!

    4) c ( direction)

    it's that way — es en esa dirección, es por ahí

    which way did they go? — ¿por dónde (se) fueron?

    this way and that — de un lado a otro, aquí y allá

    which way does the house face? — ¿hacia dónde mira or está orientada la casa?

    if you're ever down our way, call in — (colloq) si algún día andas por nuestra zona, ven a vernos

    whichever way you look at it, it's a disaster — es un desastre, lo mires por donde lo mires

    which way up should it be? — ¿cuál es la parte de arriba?

    to split something three/five ways — dividir algo en tres/cinco partes

    every which way — (AmE) para todos lados

    to come somebody's way — ( lit) \<\<person/animal\>\> venir* hacia algn

    to go somebody's way: are you going my way? ¿vas en mi misma dirección?; the decision went our way se decidió en nuestro favor; to put work/business somebody's way conseguirle* trabajo/clientes a algn; way to go! — (AmE colloq) así se hace!, bien hecho!

    5) ( distance) (no pl)

    there's only a short way to go nowya falta or queda poco para llegar

    he came all this way just to see me — (colloq) se dió el viaje hasta aquí sólo para verme

    you have to go back a long way, to the Middle Ages — hay que remontarse a la Edad Media

    it's a very long way down/up — hay una buena bajada/subida

    we've come a long way since those dayshemos evolucionado or avanzado mucho desde entonces

    a little goes a long wayun poco cunde or (AmL tb) rinde mucho

    Springfield? that's quite a ways from here — (AmE colloq) ¿Springfield? eso está requetelejos de aquí (fam)

    to go all the way: do you think he might go all the way and fire them? ¿te parece que puede llegar a echarlos?; they went all the way ( had sex) tuvieron relaciones, hicieron el amor; to go some/a long way toward something — contribuir* en cierta/gran medida a algo; see also way I III

    6) c (method, means) forma f, manera f, modo m

    all right, we'll do it your way — muy bien, lo haremos a tu manera or como tú quieras

    to learn something the hard wayaprender algo a fuerza de palos or golpes

    to do something the hard/easy way — hacer* algo de manera difícil/fácil

    7) c ( manner) manera f, modo m, forma f

    in a subtle wayde manera or modo or forma sutil

    is this the way you treat all your friends? — ¿así (es como) tratas a todos tus amigos?

    that's one way of looking at ites una manera or un modo or una forma de verlo

    what a way to go! — (set phrase) mira que acabar or terminar así!

    that's the way it goes — así son las cosas, así es la vida

    it looks that wayasí or eso parece

    the way I see it — tal y como yo lo veo, a mi modo or manera de ver

    the way things are o stand at the moment — tal y como están las cosas en este momento

    in a big way: they let us down in a big way nos fallaron de mala manera; he fell for her in a big way quedó prendado de ella; to have a way with...: to have a way with children/people saber* cómo tratar a los niños/saber* cómo tratar a la gente, tener* don de gentes; to have a way with animals tener* mucha mano con los animales; to have a way with words — tener* mucha labia or facilidad de palabra

    8) c
    a) (custom, characteristic)

    to get into/out of the way of something — (BrE) acostumbrarse a/perder* la costumbre de algo

    to be set in one's ways — estar* muy acostumbrado a hacer las cosas de cierta manera

    to mend one's ways — dejar las malas costumbres, enmendarse*

    b) (wish, will)

    to get/have one's (own) way — salirse* con la suya (or mía etc)

    have it your own way then! — lo que tú quieras!, como tú digas!

    to have it all one's own way — salirse* con la suya (or mía etc)

    to have one's (evil o wicked) way with somebody — llevarse a algn al huerto (fam), pasar a algn por las armas (fam)

    9) c (feature, respect) sentido m, aspecto m

    in a way, it's like losing an old friend — de alguna manera or en cierta forma or en cierto sentido es como perder a un viejo amigo

    you were in no way to blame — tú no tuviste ninguna culpa; see also way I III

    by the way — (indep) a propósito, por cierto

    but that's all by the way: what I really wanted to say was... — pero eso no es a lo que iba: lo que quería decir es que...

    11)

    by way of(as prep)

    a) ( via) vía, pasando por
    b) ( to serve as) a modo or manera de

    by way of introduction/an apology — a modo or manera de introducción/disculpa

    12)

    in the way of — ( as regards) (as prep)

    don't expect too much in the way of help — en cuanto a ayuda, no esperes mucho

    13)

    no way — (colloq)

    no way is he/she going to do it — de ninguna manera lo va a hacer (fam)

    a) (break, collapse) \<\<ice/rope/cable\>\> romperse*; \<\<floor\>\> hundirse, ceder
    b) (succumb, give in)

    to give way TO something\<\<to threats/blackmail\>\> ceder a or ante algo

    c) (BrE Transp)

    to give way (TO somebody/something) — ceder el paso (a algn/algo)

    d) (be replaced, superseded by)

    to give way TO somethingdejar or dar* paso a algo

    15)

    under way: to get under way ponerse* en marcha, comenzar*; to get a meeting under way dar* comienzo a una reunión; an investigation is under way — se está llevando a cabo or se ha abierto una investigación


    II
    adverb (colloq)

    way and away(as intensifier) (AmE) con mucho, lejos (AmL fam)

    [weɪ]
    1. N
    1) (=road, lane) camino m ; (in street names) calle f, avenida f

    Way of the CrossVía f Crucis, viacrucis m

    across or over the way (from) — enfrente (de), frente (a)

    permanent way — vía f

    the public way — la vía pública

    2) (=route) camino m (to de)

    which is the way to the station? — ¿cómo se va or cómo se llega a la estación?

    this isn't the way to Lugo! — ¡por aquí no se va a Lugo!

    he walked all the way here — vino todo el camino andando

    to ask one's way to the station — preguntar el camino or cómo se va a la estación

    we came a back way — vinimos por los caminos vecinales

    she went by way of Birmingham — fue por or vía Birmingham

    if the chance comes my way — si se me presenta la oportunidad

    way downbajada f, ruta f para bajar

    to take the easy way out — optar por la solución más fácil

    to feel one's way — (lit) andar a tientas

    to find one's way — orientarse, ubicarse (esp LAm)

    to find one's way into a building — encontrar la entrada de un edificio, descubrir cómo entrar en un edificio

    the way is hardel camino es duro

    the way in(=entrance) la entrada

    I don't know the way to his house — no sé el camino a su casa, no sé cómo se va or llega a su casa

    do you know the way to the hotel? — ¿sabes el camino del or al hotel?, ¿sabes cómo llegar al hotel?

    she knows her way around — (fig) tiene bastante experiencia, no es que sea una inocente

    to lead the way — (lit) ir primero; (fig) marcar la pauta, abrir el camino

    to go the long way round — ir por el camino más largo

    to lose one's way — extraviarse

    to make one's way to — dirigirse a

    the middle way — el camino de en medio

    on the way here — de camino hacia aquí, mientras veníamos aquí

    on the way to London — rumbo a Londres, camino de Londres

    we're on our way! — ¡vamos para allá!

    the way outla salida

    there's no way out — (fig) no hay salida or solución, esto no tiene solución

    there's no other way out — (fig) no hay más remedio

    it's on its way out — está en camino de desaparecer, ya está pasando de moda

    to go out of one's way — (lit) desviarse del camino

    to pay one's way — (in restaurant) pagar su parte

    he put me in the way of some good contracts — me conectó or enchufó para que consiguiera buenos contratos

    to see one's way (clear) to helping sb — ver la forma de ayudar a algn

    could you possibly see your way clear to lending him some money? — ¿tendrías la amabilidad de prestarle algo de dinero?

    to go the shortest way — ir por el camino más corto

    to start on one's way — ponerse en camino

    way upsubida f, ruta f para subir

    the way of virtueel camino de la virtud

    - go the way of all flesh
    - go one's own way
    prepare 1.
    3) (=space sb wants to go through) camino m

    to bar the way — ponerse en medio del camino

    to clear a way for — abrir camino para

    he crawled his way to the gate — llegó arrastrándose hasta la puerta

    to elbow one's way through the crowd — abrirse paso por la multitud a codazos

    to fight one's way out — lograr salir luchando

    to force one's way in — introducirse a la fuerza

    to hack one's way through sth — abrirse paso por algo a fuerza de tajos

    to be/get in sb's way — estorbar a algn

    am I in the way? — ¿estorbo?

    you can watch, but don't get in the way — puedes mirar, pero no estorbes

    to stand in sb's way — (lit) cerrar el paso a algn; (fig) ser un obstáculo para algn

    to stand in the way of progressimpedir or entorpecer el progreso

    to make way (for sth/sb) — (lit, fig) dejar paso (a algo/algn)

    make way! — ¡abran paso!

    to leave the way open for further talks — dejar la puerta abierta a posteriores conversaciones

    to get out of the way — quitarse de en medio

    out of my way! — ¡quítate de en medio!

    to get or move sth out of the way — quitar algo de en medio or del camino

    to push one's way through the crowd — abrirse paso por la multitud a empujones

    to work one's way to the front — abrirse camino hacia la primera fila

    give 1., 18)
    4) (=direction)

    down our way — por nuestra zona, en nuestro barrio

    are you going my way? — ¿vas por dónde voy yo?

    everything is going my way — (fig) todo me está saliendo a pedir de boca

    to look the other way — (lit) mirar para otro lado; (fig) mirar para otro lado, hacer la vista gorda

    it was you who invited her, not the other way round — eres tú quien la invitaste, no al revés

    it's out Windsor way — está cerca de Windsor

    turn the map the right way up — pon el mapa mirando hacia arriba

    to split sth three ways — dividir algo en tres partes iguales

    come this way — pase por aquí

    which way did it go? — ¿hacia dónde fue?, ¿por dónde se fue?

    which way do we go from here? — (lit, fig) ¿desde aquí adónde vamos ahora?

    which way is the wind blowing? — ¿de dónde sopla el viento?

    she didn't know which way to look — no sabía dónde mirar, no sabía dónde poner los ojos

    5) (=distance)

    a little way off — no muy lejos, a poca distancia

    a little way down the road — bajando la calle, no muy lejos

    it's a long or good way away or off — está muy lejos

    it's a long or good way — es mucho camino

    he'll go a long way — (fig) llegará lejos

    a little of her company goes a long wayiro solo se le puede aguantar en pequeñas dosis

    better by a long way — mucho mejor, mejor pero con mucho

    I can swim quite a way now — ahora puedo nadar bastante distancia

    a short way off — no muy lejos, a poca distancia

    6) (=means) manera f, forma f, modo m

    we'll find a way of doing itencontraremos la manera or forma or modo de hacerlo

    it's the only way of doing ites la única manera or forma or modo de hacerlo

    my way is to+ infin mi sistema consiste en + infin

    that's the way! — ¡así!, ¡eso es!

    every which way — (esp US) (=in every manner) de muchísimas maneras; (=in every direction) por todas partes

    ways and meansmedios mpl

    that's not the right way — así no se hace

    7) (=manner) manera f, forma f, modo m

    she looked at me in a strange wayme miró de manera or forma extraña or de modo extraño

    it's a strange way to thank someone — ¡vaya manera or forma or modo de mostrar gratitud or darle las gracias a alguien!

    without in any way wishing to — + infin sin querer en lo más mínimo + infin, sin tener intención alguna de + infin

    in a big way *en grande *

    we lost in a really big way *perdimos de manera or forma or modo realmente espectacular

    you can't have it both ways — tienes que optar por lo uno o lo otro

    each way — (Racing) (a) ganador y colocado

    either way I can't help you — de todas formas no puedo ayudarle

    I will help you in every way possible — haré todo lo posible por ayudarte

    the British way of lifeel estilo de vida británico

    no way! * — ¡ni pensarlo!, ¡ni hablar!

    no way was that a goal * — ¡imposible que fuera eso un gol!

    there is no way I am going to agree *de ninguna manera or forma or de ningún modo lo voy a consentir

    (in) one way or another — de una u otra manera or forma or modo

    it doesn't matter to me one way or the other — me es igual, me da lo mismo

    in the ordinary way (of things) — por lo general, en general

    he has his own way of doing it — tiene su manera or forma or modo de hacerlo

    in the same way — de la misma manera or forma, del mismo modo

    we help in a small way — ayudamos un poco

    she's clever that way — para esas cosas es muy lista

    to my way of thinking — a mi parecer, a mi manera or forma or modo de ver

    do it this way — hazlo así

    in this way — así, de esta manera or forma or modo

    it was this way... — pasó lo siguiente...

    that's always the way with him — siempre le pasa igual

    8) [of will]

    to get one's own way — salirse con la suya

    have it your own way! — ¡como quieras!

    they didn't have things all their own way (in football match) no dominaron el partido completamente

    he had his wicked or evil way with her — hum se la llevó al huerto *, la sedujo

    9) (=custom) costumbre f

    to get into the way of doing sth — adquirir la costumbre de hacer algo

    to be/get out of the way of doing sth — haber perdido/perder la costumbre de hacer algo

    - mend one's ways
    10) (=gift, special quality)

    he has a way with people — tiene don de gentes

    11) (=respect, aspect) sentido m

    in a way — en cierto sentido

    in many ways — en muchos sentidos

    he's like his father in more ways than one — se parece a su padre en muchos sentidos

    in no way, not in any way — de ninguna manera, de manera alguna

    in some ways — en algunos sentidos

    12) (=state) estado m

    the way things aretal como están or van las cosas

    things are in a bad way — las cosas van or marchan mal

    he's in a bad way(=sick) está grave; (=troubled) está muy mal

    he's in a fair way to succeed — tiene buenas posibilidades de lograrlo

    it looks that way — así parece

    - be in the family way
    13) (=speed)

    to gather way[ship] empezar a moverse; (fig) [enthusiasm] encenderse

    by the way — a propósito, por cierto

    how was your holiday, by the way? — a propósito or por cierto, ¿qué tal tus vacaciones?

    Jones, which, by the way, is not his real name — Jones que, a propósito or por cierto, no es su verdadero nombre

    oh, and by the way — antes que se me olvide

    by way of a warning — a modo de advertencia

    he had little in the way of formal education — tuvo poca educación formal

    to be under way — estar en marcha

    to get under way[ship] zarpar; [person, group] partir, ponerse en camino; [work, project] ponerse en marcha, empezar a moverse

    2.
    ADV
    *

    that was way backeso fue hace mucho tiempo ya

    way down (below) — muy abajo

    it's way out in Nevada — está allá en Nevada

    it's way past your bedtime — hace rato que deberías estar en la cama

    it's way too big — es demasiado grande

    way up high — muy alto

    3.
    CPD

    way station N(US) apeadero m ; (fig) paso m intermedio

    * * *

    I [weɪ]
    1) noun
    2) c
    a) ( route) camino m

    the way in/out — la entrada/salida

    this style is on the way in/out — este estilo se está poniendo/pasando de moda

    you'll soon find your way around the office/system — en poco tiempo te familiarizarás con la oficina/el sistema

    we're going the wrong way — nos hemos equivocado de camino, vamos mal

    which way did you come? — ¿por dónde viniste?

    which way did he go? — ¿por dónde fue?; ( following somebody) ¿por dónde se fue?

    could you tell me the way to the city center? — ¿me podría decir por dónde se va or cómo se llega al centro (de la ciudad)?

    I'm on my way!ahora mismo salgo or voy, voy para allí!

    the doctor is on her way — la doctora ya va para allí/viene para aquí

    did you find the way to Trier all right? — ¿llegaste bien a Trier?

    I don't know the way up/down — no sé por dónde se sube/se baja

    to lead the way — ir* delante

    to lose one's way — perderse*

    there are no two ways about itno tiene or no hay vuelta de hoja

    to go one's own way: she'll go her own way hará lo que le parezca; to go out of one's way ( make a detour) desviarse* del camino; ( make special effort): they went out of their way to be helpful se desvivieron or hicieron lo indecible por ayudar; to go the way of something/somebody — acabar como algo/algn, correr la misma suerte de algo/algn

    b) (road, path) camino m, senda f

    the people over the way — (BrE) los vecinos de enfrente

    3) c u (passage, space)

    to be/get in the way — estorbar

    to stand in the way: they stood in our way nos impidieron el paso; I couldn't see it, she was standing in my way no podía verlo, ella me tapaba (la vista); I won't stand in your way no seré yo quien te lo impida; to stand in the way of progress obstaculizar* or entorpecer* el progreso; (get) out of the way! hazte a un lado!, quítate de en medio!; to move something out of the way quitar algo de en medio; I'd like to get this work out of the way quisiera quitar este trabajo de en medio; to keep out of somebody's way rehuir* a algn, evitar encontrarse con algn; make way! — abran paso!

    4) c ( direction)

    it's that way — es en esa dirección, es por ahí

    which way did they go? — ¿por dónde (se) fueron?

    this way and that — de un lado a otro, aquí y allá

    which way does the house face? — ¿hacia dónde mira or está orientada la casa?

    if you're ever down our way, call in — (colloq) si algún día andas por nuestra zona, ven a vernos

    whichever way you look at it, it's a disaster — es un desastre, lo mires por donde lo mires

    which way up should it be? — ¿cuál es la parte de arriba?

    to split something three/five ways — dividir algo en tres/cinco partes

    every which way — (AmE) para todos lados

    to come somebody's way — ( lit) \<\<person/animal\>\> venir* hacia algn

    to go somebody's way: are you going my way? ¿vas en mi misma dirección?; the decision went our way se decidió en nuestro favor; to put work/business somebody's way conseguirle* trabajo/clientes a algn; way to go! — (AmE colloq) así se hace!, bien hecho!

    5) ( distance) (no pl)

    there's only a short way to go nowya falta or queda poco para llegar

    he came all this way just to see me — (colloq) se dió el viaje hasta aquí sólo para verme

    you have to go back a long way, to the Middle Ages — hay que remontarse a la Edad Media

    it's a very long way down/up — hay una buena bajada/subida

    we've come a long way since those dayshemos evolucionado or avanzado mucho desde entonces

    a little goes a long wayun poco cunde or (AmL tb) rinde mucho

    Springfield? that's quite a ways from here — (AmE colloq) ¿Springfield? eso está requetelejos de aquí (fam)

    to go all the way: do you think he might go all the way and fire them? ¿te parece que puede llegar a echarlos?; they went all the way ( had sex) tuvieron relaciones, hicieron el amor; to go some/a long way toward something — contribuir* en cierta/gran medida a algo; see also way I III

    6) c (method, means) forma f, manera f, modo m

    all right, we'll do it your way — muy bien, lo haremos a tu manera or como tú quieras

    to learn something the hard wayaprender algo a fuerza de palos or golpes

    to do something the hard/easy way — hacer* algo de manera difícil/fácil

    7) c ( manner) manera f, modo m, forma f

    in a subtle wayde manera or modo or forma sutil

    is this the way you treat all your friends? — ¿así (es como) tratas a todos tus amigos?

    that's one way of looking at ites una manera or un modo or una forma de verlo

    what a way to go! — (set phrase) mira que acabar or terminar así!

    that's the way it goes — así son las cosas, así es la vida

    it looks that wayasí or eso parece

    the way I see it — tal y como yo lo veo, a mi modo or manera de ver

    the way things are o stand at the moment — tal y como están las cosas en este momento

    in a big way: they let us down in a big way nos fallaron de mala manera; he fell for her in a big way quedó prendado de ella; to have a way with...: to have a way with children/people saber* cómo tratar a los niños/saber* cómo tratar a la gente, tener* don de gentes; to have a way with animals tener* mucha mano con los animales; to have a way with words — tener* mucha labia or facilidad de palabra

    8) c
    a) (custom, characteristic)

    to get into/out of the way of something — (BrE) acostumbrarse a/perder* la costumbre de algo

    to be set in one's ways — estar* muy acostumbrado a hacer las cosas de cierta manera

    to mend one's ways — dejar las malas costumbres, enmendarse*

    b) (wish, will)

    to get/have one's (own) way — salirse* con la suya (or mía etc)

    have it your own way then! — lo que tú quieras!, como tú digas!

    to have it all one's own way — salirse* con la suya (or mía etc)

    to have one's (evil o wicked) way with somebody — llevarse a algn al huerto (fam), pasar a algn por las armas (fam)

    9) c (feature, respect) sentido m, aspecto m

    in a way, it's like losing an old friend — de alguna manera or en cierta forma or en cierto sentido es como perder a un viejo amigo

    you were in no way to blame — tú no tuviste ninguna culpa; see also way I III

    by the way — (indep) a propósito, por cierto

    but that's all by the way: what I really wanted to say was... — pero eso no es a lo que iba: lo que quería decir es que...

    11)

    by way of(as prep)

    a) ( via) vía, pasando por
    b) ( to serve as) a modo or manera de

    by way of introduction/an apology — a modo or manera de introducción/disculpa

    12)

    in the way of — ( as regards) (as prep)

    don't expect too much in the way of help — en cuanto a ayuda, no esperes mucho

    13)

    no way — (colloq)

    no way is he/she going to do it — de ninguna manera lo va a hacer (fam)

    a) (break, collapse) \<\<ice/rope/cable\>\> romperse*; \<\<floor\>\> hundirse, ceder
    b) (succumb, give in)

    to give way TO something\<\<to threats/blackmail\>\> ceder a or ante algo

    c) (BrE Transp)

    to give way (TO somebody/something) — ceder el paso (a algn/algo)

    d) (be replaced, superseded by)

    to give way TO somethingdejar or dar* paso a algo

    15)

    under way: to get under way ponerse* en marcha, comenzar*; to get a meeting under way dar* comienzo a una reunión; an investigation is under way — se está llevando a cabo or se ha abierto una investigación


    II
    adverb (colloq)

    way and away(as intensifier) (AmE) con mucho, lejos (AmL fam)

    English-spanish dictionary > way

  • 8 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 9 without rhyme or reason

    1) бессмысленно, без всякого смысла; ≈ ни складу ни ладу; ни к селу ни к городу (тж. neither rhyme nor reason или there is no rhyme or reason) [neither rhyme nor reason шекспировское выражение; см. цитату]

    Rosalind: "But are you so much in love as your rhymes speak?" Orlando: "Neither rhyme nor reason can express how much." (W. Shakespeare, ‘As You Like It’, act III, sc. 2) — Розалинда: "Неужели вы так страстно влюблены, как говорят ваши стихи?" Орландо: "Ни стихи, ни ум человеческий не в силах выразить, как страстно." (перевод Т. Щепкиной-Куперник)

    Dromio of Syracuse: "Was there ever any man thus beaten out of season. When in the why and the wherefore is neither rhyme nor reason? " (W. Shakespeare, ‘The Comedy of Errors’, act II, sc. 2) — Дромио Сиракузский: "Ну били ли кого-нибудь так, ни за что в награду? В таких "за что" и "почему" ни складу нет, ни ладу. " (перевод А. Некора)

    Nowadays when a play is badly constructed, when its people act without rhyme or reason... we sit up and say it has atmosphere. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Don Fernanda’, ch. VIII) — В наше время, когда пьеса плохо построена, когда поступки действующих лиц абсолютно бессмысленны, мы говорим: пьеса хорошо передает атмосферу эпохи.

    This proceeding of Poirot's in respect of the cocoa puzzled me intensely. I could see neither rhyme nor reason in it. (A. Christie, ‘The Mysterious Affair at Styles’, ch. VIII) — Отношение Пуаро к какао поставило меня в тупик. Его поведение было необъяснимо.

    ...it just seems so incongruous for the first citizen of California to gamble over a Senatorial seat with a political adventurer. There is no rhyme or reason in it. (I. Stone, ‘Immortal Wife’, ch. 98) —...так нелепо, когда первый гражданин Калифорнии и политический авантюрист разыгрывают места в сенате. Не лезет ни в какие ворота.

    2) ни с того ни с сего; ≈ за здоро/ во живёшь

    When she received it, who had long received no letters... she... sobbed, laughed, clasped her hands on her breast, and without rhyme or reason began singing... (J. Galsworthy, ‘Caravan’, ‘The Bright Side’) — Получив письмо, миссис Гергардт, которая так долго не получала никаких вестей... стала рыдать, смеяться, прижимать письмо к груди и вдруг совершенно неожиданно запела...

    Not only was she engaged to be married, the wedding day had been set... when suddenly, without rhyme or reason, she breaks the whole thing off in favour of a total stranger. (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Judas Tree’, part II, ch. V) — Моя дочь не только была обручена, но и был назначен даже день ее свадьбы... И вдруг совершенно неожиданно, как говорится, ни с того ни с сего она все порвала, причем ради совершенно незнакомого человека.

    Without any rhyme or reason it came to me suddenly that I didn't care about it any more. (P. H. Johnson, ‘The Survival of the Fittest’, part III, ch. IV) — Вдруг неизвестно почему я почувствовала, что Кит мне совершенно безразличен.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > without rhyme or reason

  • 10 ♦ far

    ♦ far /fɑ:(r)/
    A avv. (compar. farther, further; superl. relat. farthest, furthest)
    1 lontano: They didn't go far, non sono andati lontano; We've gone too far, ci siano spinti troppo lontano; siamo andati troppo oltre; (fig.) abbiamo esagerato; How far?, fin dove?; fino a che punto? ( anche fig.); DIALOGO → - Lost child 1- She can't be far away, non può essere lontana; How far is it to your house?, quanto è lontana (o quando dista, quanto siamo lontani da) casa tua?; DIALOGO → - Asking for directions- Is it far to the train station?, è lunga la strada per la stazione?; far beyond our solar system, molto al di là del (o a un'enorme distanza dal) nostro sistema solare; far into the future, nel lontano futuro; far into the night, fino a tarda notte; (fig.) to carry (o to take) st. too far, spingere troppo avanti qc.; esagerare: This is really carrying the joke too far, ora si esagera! NOTA D'USO: - to exaggerate, to overdo o to go too far?-
    2 molto; assai; di molto; di gran lunga; decisamente: far better, molto (o assai) migliore; far longer, molto più lungo; far too long, decisamente troppo lungo; I'm far too busy to see them, sono davvero troppo occupato per vederli NOTA D'USO: - molto-
    B a. (compar. farther, further; superl. relat. farthest, furthest)
    1 lontano; distante; remoto: the far past, il lontano passato
    2 opposto; altro: the far end of, la parte opposta di; l'estremo opposto di; l'estremità opposta di; l'altro capo di
    3 (geogr.) lontano; estremo: the Far East, l'Estremo Oriente; the Far West, il lontano Ovest; (in USA) il Far West
    4 (polit.) estremo: the far left [right], l'estrema sinistra [destra]; a far-right leader, un leader dell'estrema destra
    far above, molto (al di) sopra (di qc.); (fig.) di gran lunga superiore (a q.) □ far afield, lontano: to come from far afield, venire da lontano □ far ahead (of), molto avanti (a); molto avanzato (rispetto a) □ far and away, di gran lunga: far and away the youngest, di gran lunga il più giovane □ far and near, vicino e lontano; dappertutto; ogni dove □ far and wide, in lungo e in largo; dappertutto: He has travelled far and wide, ha viaggiato in lungo e in largo; from far and wide, da ogni parte □ far-away, lontano, distante, remoto; ► anche faraway □ far between = few and far between ► few □ a far cry from, ben diverso da; lontanissimo da □ far-famed, di vasta rinomanza; famoso □ far-fetched, lambiccato; forzato, stiracchiato; improbabile; inverosimile □ far-flung, lontano, remoto; ( anche) esteso, ampio, assai diffuso □ far from, tutt'altro che; lungi da: He's far from well, sta tutt'altro che bene; far from satisfied, tutt'altro che (o lungi dall'essere) soddisfatto; His optimism, far from cheering me, began to jar, il suo ottimismo, lungi dal tirarmi su di morale, cominciò a infastidirmi; Far from it!, al contrario!; tutt'altro!; anzi!; Far be it from me to…, lungi da me l'idea di… □ far gone, molto avanti (o in là) ( in una situazione o stato); malandato; molto malato; ubriaco: far gone in pregnancy, molto avanti nella gravidanza; far gone in debt, indebitato fino agli occhi; These trees are too far gone to be saved, questi alberi sono troppo malandati per poterli salvare □ far off (avv.), (molto) lontano; in lontananza □ far-off, lontano; distante; remoto □ far out, lontano, remoto; (fam.) originale, fantasioso, stravagante, bizzarro; ( slang USA) grandioso, fantastico □ (fam.) not far out, abbastanza vicino ( al giusto) □ far-reaching, di grande estensione; di vasta portata: far-reaching reforms, riforme di larga portata □ far-seeing, che vede lontano; (fig.) lungimirante, preveggente □ far-sighted, (med. USA) presbite, ipermetrope; (fig.) perspicace, sagace; lungimirante, preveggente □ far-sightedness, (med. USA) presbiopia, ipermetropia; (fig.) perspicacia, lungimiranza □ as far as (+ sost.), fino a: We went as far as the station, siamo andati, ci siamo spinti fino alla stazione □ as far as (+ verbo), fino a (o fin) dove; ( anche) per quanto, per quello che: as far as I could see, fin dove riuscivo a vedere; as far as I know, per quanto ne so; as far as I can tell, per quello che posso giudicare; a quanto mi sembra; as far as I'm concerned, per quel che mi riguarda; quanto a me □ as far as it goes, nel complesso; tutto sommato; con le dovute riserve: That is good, as far as it goes, but…, nel complesso va bene, ma…; per andar bene va bene, ma… □ That's as far as it goes, questo e non di più; ( anche) e questo è quanto □ as far as possible, per quanto possibile □ by far, di gran lunga: by far the best, di gran lunga il migliore □ (fig.) to go far, andare lontano; fare molta strada; fare carriera; (di cibo, provviste, ecc.) durare □ to go far towards doing st., contribuire notevolmente a fare qc.; essere di grande aiuto per fare qc. to go too far, esagerare; passare il segno □ in so far asin so far □ so far, fino a questo punto; fin qui; finora; a tutt'oggi: Everything's been quiet so far, finora è stato tutto tranquillo; only so far (and no further), fino a un certo punto (e non oltre) □ so far so good, fin qui tutto bene; tutto bene per ora □ thus far, fin qui; finora □ a… too far, un… di troppo.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ far

  • 11 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 12 Thinking

       But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)
       I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)
       Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)
       In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)
       Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)
       There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)
       But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)
       It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)
       The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)
       Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)
       What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)
       [E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking

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